本书是高校实验室进行通用类安全培训及安全准入的教材，旨在提升实验室相关人员的安全意识与技术能力，尊重生命，重视安全。本书主要介绍高校实验室安全概述、实验室消防安全及设备使用、实验室用电用水安全、实验室安全管理、实验室信息安全、个人安全防护和安全操作、特种设备使用安全、安全事故的应急处理和急救知识、实验室安全事故案例分析等内容。 本书内容丰富，兼具理论知识和实操技术，可作为高等院校安全教育的通识教材，也可作为实验室安全培训教材，还可供实验室相关管理人员参考。

柏静，汉族，1979年9月出生，湖南益阳人，中共党员，信息科学与工程学院管理科学与工程专业，获工学博士学位。主要从事智能计算、系统体系结构和云计算研究，曾在《弹道学报》、IJCA、Applied Intelligence、《计算机教育》等期刊上发表论文多篇。

目 录
第 1 章 高校实验室安全概述··············································································.1
1.1 高校实验室安全理念··············································································.1
1.1.1 安全意识的重要性········································································.1
1.1.2 安全第一，生命至上·····································································.2
1.1.3 安全力·······················································································.3
1.2 实验室主要危险源·················································································.4
1.2.1 电气设备设施··············································································.4
1.2.2 爆炸和火灾·················································································.5
1.2.3 化学试剂····················································································.6
1.2.4 环境污染····················································································.6
1.2.5 其他危险因素··············································································.6
1.3 实验室安全法律法规··············································································.7
1.4 高等学校实验室安全规范········································································.9
【复习思考题】 ····························································································13
第 2 章 实验室消防安全及设备使用·····································································14
2.1 火灾和爆炸··························································································14
2.1.1 火灾的基本知识···········································································14
2.1.2 爆炸··························································································15
2.2 消防安全知识·······················································································17
2.2.1 防火防爆····················································································18
2.2.2 火灾的扑救·················································································19
2.2.3 火灾逃生方法··············································································20
2.3 消防器材及使用····················································································22
2.3.1 灭火器·······················································································22
2.3.2 消防栓·······················································································25
2.3.3 烟雾探测器·················································································26
2.3.4 其他消防设施··············································································27
2.4 意外伤害及紧急处理··············································································29
2.4.1 化学烧伤····················································································29
2.4.2 烫伤··························································································29
2.4.3 切割伤·······················································································30
2.4.4 吸入性损伤·················································································30 高校实验室安全基础教程
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2.4.5 动物咬伤或蜇伤···········································································30
【复习思考题】 ····························································································31
第 3 章 实验室用电用水安全··············································································32
3.1 实验室电气事故类型及危害·····································································32
3.1.1 触电事故····················································································32
3.1.2 电气火灾····················································································36
3.1.3 静电··························································································38
3.1.4 雷电事故····················································································40
3.1.5 电磁辐射····················································································41
3.2 电气事故预防与应急救援········································································42
3.2.1 触电事故的预防与救援 ·································································42
3.2.2 电气火灾的预防和救援 ·································································45
3.2.3 静电预防····················································································47
3.3 常用电气设备使用注意事项·····································································48
3.3.1 一般电气设备··············································································48
3.3.2 示波器·······················································································48
3.3.3 加热设备····················································································49
3.3.4 冰箱··························································································50
3.3.5 空调··························································································50
3.4 用电安全·····························································································51
3.5 用水安全·····························································································52
【复习思考题】 ····························································································54
第 4 章 实验室安全管理 ····················································································55
4.1 实验室安全管理的定义和内容··································································55
4.1.1 实验室安全管理的定义 ·································································55
4.1.2 实验室分级分类安全管理 ······························································56
4.2 危险化学品的安全管理···········································································59
4.2.1 危险化学品的分类········································································59
4.2.2 危险化学品侵害人体的方式 ···························································61
4.2.3 危险化学品的贮存········································································61
4.2.4 危险化学品的使用········································································62
4.2.5 危险化学品的泄漏处理 ·································································64
4.3 实验室生物安全管理··············································································67
4.3.1 生物安全管理基本概念 ·································································67
4.3.2 生物安全防护等级········································································68
4.3.3 生物安全实验室的管理要求 ···························································71
4.4 实验室常见废弃物的安全管理··································································72
4.4.1 实验室废弃物的特点及危害 ···························································72 目录
VII
4.4.2 实验室废弃物的主要类别 ······························································73
4.4.3 实验室废弃物处理原则 ·································································74
4.4.4 实验室废弃物收集和处理的方法 ·····················································74
4.5 实验室仪器设备维护保养········································································77
4.5.1 仪器设备的日常保养·····································································77
4.5.2 仪器设备操作、使用管理 ······························································78
4.5.3 仪器设备的维护···········································································79
【复习思考题】 ····························································································80
第 5 章 实验室信息安全 ····················································································81
5.1 信息安全概述·······················································································81
5.1.1 分类··························································································81
5.1.2 信息安全的基本特征·····································································82
5.1.3 信息安全在实验室管理中的地位 ·····················································83
5.2 实验室网络安全技术··············································································84
5.2.1 防火墙技术·················································································84
5.2.2 入侵检测技术··············································································89
5.2.3 安全扫描技术··············································································93
5.2.4 防火墙技术实践···········································································95
5.3 实验室信息系统安全···········································································.102
5.3.1 操作系统安全···········································································.102
5.3.2 数据库系统安全········································································.107
5.3.3 软件系统安全···········································································.110
【复习思考题】 ·························································································.112
第 6 章 个人安全防护和安全操作·····································································.113
6.1 个人防护概述····················································································.113
6.1.1 分类·······················································································.113
6.1.2 个人防护用品的要求··································································.114
6.2 常用个人防护装备··············································································.114
6.2.1 头部防护类··············································································.114
6.2.2 呼吸器官防护类········································································.115
6.2.3 防护服类·················································································.118
6.2.4 听觉器官防护类········································································.119
6.2.5 眼面部防护类···········································································.119
6.2.6 其他防护类··············································································.120
6.3 个人防护装备的选择与管理··································································.122
6.3.1 呼吸防护用品的选择与管理 ························································.122
6.3.2 听力防护用品的选择与管理 ························································.127
6.3.3 眼面部防护用品的选择与管理 ·····················································.130 高校实验室安全基础教程
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6.4 实验安全操作规范··············································································.133
6.4.1 计算机设备操作规范··································································.133
6.4.2 电工电子实验安全操作规程 ························································.134
6.4.3 生化实验室操作规程··································································.134
【复习思考题】 ·························································································.138
第 7 章 特种设备使用安全··············································································.139
7.1 概述································································································.139
7.1.1 特种设备的分类········································································.139
7.1.2 特种设备安全管理·····································································.141
7.2 压力容器安全····················································································.142
7.2.1 压力容器的基础知识··································································.143
7.2.2 压力容器的安全附件··································································.145
7.2.3 压力容器的安全········································································.147
7.2.4 气瓶的安全··············································································.148
7.3 起重机械安全····················································································.153
7.3.1 概念·······················································································.153
7.3.2 起重机械的安全装置··································································.155
7.3.3 起重机械的安全管理··································································.156
7.3.4 电梯的使用安全········································································.157
7.4 机械设备安全····················································································.160
7.4.1 机械加工类设备········································································.160
7.4.2 旋转机械设备···········································································.167
【复习思考题】 ·························································································.170
第 8 章 安全事故的应急处理和急救知识····························································.171
8.1 生物实验室安全事故的应急处理····························································.171
8.1.1 生物安全事故应急处理的考虑因素 ···············································.171
8.1.2 生物安全事故应急处理的对策 ·····················································.173
8.2 化学实验室安全事故的应急处理····························································.174
8.2.1 高等院校化学实验室教学中的常见事故 ·········································.174
8.2.2 常见事故的应急处理··································································.176
8.3 急救基础知识····················································································.178
8.3.1 急救的基本原则和步骤 ······························································.178
8.3.2 急救措施·················································································.179
【复习思考题】 ·························································································.199
第 9 章 实验室安全事故案例分析·····································································.200
9.1 化学实验室安全事故···········································································.200
9.1.1 某化学家中毒事件·····································································.200 目录
IX
9.1.2 浙江某高校发生实验室气体中毒事故 ············································.200
9.1.3 上海某高校投毒事件··································································.201
9.2 实验室爆炸事故·················································································.201
9.2.1 氢气钢瓶爆炸事故·····································································.201
9.2.2 上海某高校实验室爆炸事故 ························································.201
9.2.3 北京某高校实验室爆炸事故 ························································.202
9.2.4 广州某大学实验室烧瓶炸裂事故 ··················································.203
9.3 生物实验室安全事故···········································································.203
东北某大学实验室感染事故··································································.203
9.4 实验室机械伤害事故···········································································.204
9.4.1 美国某大学实验室事故 ······························································.204
9.4.2 实验仪器故障事故·····································································.204
9.5 火灾事故··························································································.205
9.5.1 山西某高校实验室火灾事故 ························································.205
9.5.2 长沙某大学化工学院实验楼火灾事故 ············································.206
9.6 其他事故简述····················································································.206
参考文献 ······································································································.208