本书内容以液压传动为主、以控制为辅，介绍液压传动与控制（伺服控制与可编程序控制器控制）的基本原理、基本概念，介绍了机床及工程机械中常用的液压元件、液压基本回路，以及液压传动在机床、压力机械、船舶机械等通用机械设备中的具体应用实例和液压系统的设计方法及工程实例的设计。全书共12 章：第1～2 章为液压传动的基础部分，即液压传动的基本概念和液压流体力学基础；第3～6 章为液压元件，包括液压泵、液压马达、液压缸、液压阀和辅助装置；第7～9 章为液压基本回路、典型液压系统和液压系统的设计与计算；第10 章为工程实例；第11 章为液压伺服系统简介；第12 章为可编程序控制器在液压系统中的应用。为方便读者查阅，书后附录A“液压传动部分常用图形符号（职能符号）”。此外，本书还提供静态图素材，读者可登录华信资源教育网（http：//www.hxedu.com.cn）免费下载。本书第1 版是全国高等院校“九五”部委级重点教材，由中船总公司流体传动与控制委员会推荐为机械类非液压专业本科生液压传动与控制课程教学用书。本书可以作为普通工科高等院校机械类非液压专业的本科生教材及相关专业的教材，也可供从事液压技术的工程技术人员参考。

贾铭新?，教授，哈尔滨工程大学机械工程领域的学者，主要研究方向为?液压传动与控制?、?机器人触觉传感器?及?机械手软抓取技术?。他在该领域发表了多篇学术论文并出版了多部经典教材，对液压技术在船舶机械及工程机械中的应用有深入研究。

目 录
第1 章 绪论·················································································································.1
1.1 液压传动的基本概念·····························································································.1
1.1.1 液压传动的工作原理及工作特性····································································.1
1.1.2 液压系统的组成·························································································.4
1.1.3 液压系统的图形符号···················································································.4
1.2 液压传动的主要优缺点··························································································.5
小结·························································································································.6
自我检测题1-1 及其解答······························································································.6
自我检测题1-2 及其解答······························································································.7
习题·························································································································.7
第2 章 液压油和液压流体力学基础··············································································.8
2.1 液压油的性质和选用·····························································································.8
2.1.1 液体的密度及其与压力、温度的关系······························································.8
2.1.2 液体的压缩性及其表示方法··········································································.8
2.1.3 液体的黏性和黏度······················································································11
2.1.4 液压油的代号及命名···················································································15
2.1.5 液压油的选用····························································································15
2.2 液体静力学·········································································································17
2.2.1 液体的压力·······························································································17
2.2.2 静止液体内压力的传递················································································20
2.2.3 液体作用于固体容器内壁面上的力·································································21
2.3 液体动力学·········································································································21
2.3.1 基本概念··································································································22
2.3.2 流动液体的质量守恒定律—连续性方程························································23
2.3.3 流动液体的能量守恒定律—伯努利方程························································24
2.3.4 流动液体的动量方程···················································································27
2.4 液体在管道中的流动·····························································································29
2.4.1 液体的流动状态·························································································29
2.4.2 液体在圆管中的层流及其沿程损失·································································30
2.4.3 液体在圆管中的紊流及其沿程损失·································································32
2.4.4 局部损失··································································································32
2.4.5 总能量损失·······························································································33
2.5 液体流经小孔及缝隙时的流量计算···········································································36
2.5.1 液体流经小孔时的流量计算··········································································36
2.5.2 液体流经缝隙时的流量计算··········································································38
2.6 液压冲击和气穴现象·····························································································41
2.6.1 液压冲击··································································································41
2.6.2 气穴现象··································································································42
小结·························································································································43
自我检测题2-1 及其解答······························································································43
自我检测题2-2 及其解答······························································································45
习题·························································································································45
第3 章 液压泵和液压马达····························································································49
3.1 概 述············································································································49
3.1.1 液压泵和液压马达的工作原理及分类······························································49
3.1.2 液压泵与液压马达的压力、排量和流量···························································50
3.1.3 液压泵与液压马达的功率和效率····································································51
3.2 齿轮泵和齿轮液压马达··························································································54
3.2.1 齿轮泵的工作原理······················································································54
3.2.2 排量和流量的计算······················································································55
3.2.3 齿轮泵的几个问题······················································································55
3.2.4 齿轮泵的优缺点及应用················································································56
3.2.5 齿轮液压马达····························································································57
3.3 叶片泵及叶片液压马达··························································································58
3.3.1 工作原理及其排量和流量的计算····································································58
3.3.2 双作用式叶片泵的结构特点··········································································61
3.3.3 限压式变量叶片泵······················································································62
3.3.4 叶片液压马达····························································································64
3.4 柱塞泵及柱塞液压马达··························································································66
3.4.1 轴向柱塞泵·······························································································66
3.4.2 轴向柱塞液压马达······················································································67
3.4.3 径向柱塞泵·······························································································68
3.4.4 径向柱塞液压马达······················································································69
3.5 液压泵（或液压马达）的选用·················································································70
小结·························································································································70
自我检测题3-1 及其解答······························································································71
自我检测题3-2 及其解答······························································································72
习题·························································································································73
第4 章 液压缸·············································································································75
4.1 液压缸的类型、特点和应用····················································································75
4.1.1 活塞液压缸·······························································································75
4.1.2 柱塞液压缸·······························································································78
4.1.3 摆动液压缸·······························································································79
4.1.4 伸缩液压缸·······························································································80
4.1.5 其他液压缸·······························································································80
4.2 液压缸的结构和组成·····························································································81
4.2.1 液压缸的典型结构······················································································81
4.2.2 液压缸的组成····························································································84
4.3 液压缸的设计和计算·····························································································93
4.3.1 液压缸主要尺寸的确定················································································93
4.3.2 缸筒壁厚的校核·························································································94
4.3.3 活塞杆的计算····························································································95
4.3.4 螺栓强度的校核·························································································96
4.4 液压缸的材料及技术条件·······················································································97
4.4.1 缸筒的材料及技术条件················································································97
4.4.2 活塞的材料及技术条件················································································97
4.4.3 端盖的材料及技术条件················································································98
4.4.4 活塞杆的材料及技术条件·············································································98
小结·························································································································99
自我检测题4-1 及其解答······························································································99
自我检测题4-2 及其解答···························································································.100
习题······················································································································.101
第5 章 液压阀··········································································································.103
5.1 液压阀的分类及基本要求····················································································.103
5.1.1 液压阀的分类·························································································.103
5.1.2 液压阀的基本要求···················································································.103
5.2 方向控制阀······································································································.103
5.2.1 单向阀··································································································.104
5.2.2 换向阀··································································································.107
5.3 压力控制阀······································································································.119
5.3.1 溢流阀··································································································.119
5.3.2 减压阀··································································································.126
5.3.3 顺序阀··································································································.129
液压传动与控制（第5 版）
VIII
5.3.4 压力继电器····························································································.132
5.4 流量阀············································································································.134
5.4.1 流量控制原理和节流口的流量特性······························································.134
5.4.2 普通节流阀····························································································.135
5.4.3 调速阀··································································································.136
5.4.4 其他形式的流量阀···················································································.137
5.5 比例阀和逻辑阀································································································.139
5.5.1 比例阀··································································································.139
5.5.2 逻辑阀··································································································.142
小结······················································································································.144
自我检测题5-1 及其解答···························································································.144
自我检测题5-2 及其解答···························································································.146
习题······················································································································.146
第6 章 辅助装置·······································································································.149
6.1 滤油器············································································································.149
6.1.1 滤油器的作用及过滤精度··········································································.149
6.1.2 滤油器的典型结构及其特性·······································································.150
6.1.3 滤油器堵塞指示装置················································································.152
6.1.4 滤油器的选用·························································································.152
6.1.5 滤油器的安装·························································································.152
6.2 蓄能器············································································································.154
6.2.1 蓄能器的类型及工作原理··········································································.154
6.2.2 蓄能器的功用·························································································.156
6.2.3 蓄能器的选用·························································································.157
6.2.4 蓄能器的使用和安装················································································.159
6.3 油箱和热交换器································································································.159
6.3.1 油箱·····································································································.159
6.3.2 热交换器·······························································································.161
6.4 其他辅件·········································································································.162
6.4.1 油管·····································································································.162
6.4.2 管接头··································································································.163
6.4.3 压力表··································································································.165
小结······················································································································.166
自我检测题6-1 及其解答···························································································.166
自我检测题6-2 及其解答···························································································.167
习题······················································································································.169
第7 章 液压基本回路································································································.170
7.1 调速回路·········································································································.170
7.1.1 概述·····································································································.170
7.1.2 节流调速回路·························································································.171
7.1.3 容积调速回路·························································································.176
7.1.4 容积-节流调速回路··················································································.181
7.1.5 调速回路的选择······················································································.184
7.2 快速运动回路和速度换接回路··············································································.184
7.2.1 快速运动回路·························································································.184
7.2.2 速度换接回路·························································································.187
7.3 方向控制回路···································································································.189
7.3.1 换向回路·······························································································.190
7.3.2 锁紧回路·······························································································.191
7.4 压力控制回路···································································································.191
7.4.1 调压回路·······························································································.192
7.4.2 卸荷回路·······························································································.193
7.4.3 保压回路·······························································································.196
7.4.4 减压回路·······························································································.196
7.4.5 增压回路·······························································································.197
7.4.6 平衡回路·······························································································.198
7.5 多缸工作控制回路·····························································································.200
7.5.1 多缸顺序动作回路···················································································.200
7.5.2 多缸同步动作回路···················································································.203
7.5.3 多缸快、慢速互不干扰回路·······································································.207
7.6 液压马达回路···································································································.208
7.6.1 液压马达制动回路···················································································.208
7.6.2 液压马达的串联和并联回路·······································································.210
小结······················································································································.210
自我检测题7-1 及其解答···························································································.211
自我检测题7-2 及其解答···························································································.212
习题······················································································································.214
第8 章 典型液压系统································································································.220
8.1 组合机床的液压系统··························································································.220
8.1.1 概述·····································································································.220
8.1.2 YT4543 型液压动力滑台的液压系统及工作原理·············································.220
8.1.3 YT4543 型液压动力滑台的液压系统特点······················································.223
8.2 M1432A 型万能外圆磨床的液压系统·····································································.223
8.2.1 概述·····································································································.223
8.2.2 液压系统的工作原理················································································.224
8.2.3 液压系统的特点······················································································.228
8.3 YB32-300 型四柱万能液压机的液压系统································································.229
8.3.1 概述·····································································································.229
8.3.2 液压系统的工作原理················································································.229
8.3.3 液压系统的特点······················································································.233
8.4 船舶机械的液压系统··························································································.233
习题······················································································································.236
第9 章 液压系统的设计与计算··················································································.238
9.1 明确设计要求，进行工况分析··············································································.238
9.1.1 明确设计要求·························································································.238
9.1.2 进行工况分析·························································································.239
9.2 液压系统主要性能参数的确定··············································································.242
9.2.1 执行元件的工作压力················································································.242
9.2.2 执行元件的最大流量················································································.243
9.3 拟订液压系统结构图··························································································.245
9.3.1 液压回路的选择······················································································.245
9.3.2 液压系统的合成······················································································.245
9.4 计算和选择液压元件··························································································.246
9.4.1 液压泵和电机的选择················································································.246
9.4.2 液压阀的选择·························································································.247
9.4.3 选择液压辅件·························································································.247
9.5 液压系统性能的估算··························································································.247
9.5.1 液压回路压力损失估算·············································································.248
9.5.2 发热量估算····························································································.248
9.6 绘制工作图和编写技术文件·················································································.250
9.6.1 绘制工作图····························································································.250
9.6.2 编写技术文件·························································································.251
9.7 液压系统的设计计算实例····················································································.251
习题······················································································································.271
第10 章 工程实例—码头用行人踏板液压系统设计················································.273
10.1 行人踏板液压系统及其控制电路的设计································································.273
10.2 液压元件参数的计算与选择···············································································.276
10.3 踏板放下和抬起所用时间的计算·········································································.279
10.4 行人踏板液压系统的安全措施············································································.279
10.5 行人踏板液压系统的调试与试车·········································································.279
10.6 结论·············································································································.280
第11 章 液压伺服系统简介·······················································································.281
11.1 液压伺服系统的工作原理··················································································.281
11.2 液压伺服系统的组成和分类···············································································.282
11.3 液压伺服系统的优缺点及应用············································································.284
第12 章 可编程序控制器在液压系统中的应用···························································.285
12.1 PLC 简介·······································································································.285
12.2 PLC 应用举例·································································································.286
小结······················································································································.294
习题······················································································································.294
附录A 液压传动部分常用图形符号（职能符号）······················································.296
参考文献·····················································································································.300