Chapter 1Language and Linguistics 
1.1What is language? 
1.1.1Definitions of language 
1.1.2Design features of language 
1.1.3Origin of language 
1.1.4Functions of language 
1.2What is linguistics? 
1.2.1Definition of linguistics 
1.2.2Scope of linguistics 
1.2.3Some important distinctions in linguistics" 
Chapter 2Phonetics and Phonology 
2.1What is phonetics? 
2.1.1Definition of phonetics 
2.1.2Three branches of phonetics 
2.1.3Speech organs 
2.1.4Voiced and voiceless sounds 
2.1.5Vowels and consonants 
2.1.6Phonetic transcription 
2.2Phonology 
2.2.1What is phonology? 
2.2.2Phonemes and allophones 
2.2.3Some rules in phonology 
2.2.4Distinctive features 
2.2.5Suprasegmental features'" 
Chapter 3Morphology 
3.1What is morphology? 
3.2What is a"word"? 
3.3Classification of words 
3.4Morphemes 
3.4.1What is a morpheme? 
3.4.2Morphemes and phonemes 
3.4.3Morphemes and syllables 
3.5Types of morphemes 
3.5.1Free morphemes and bound morphemes 
3.5.2Inflectional and derivational morphemes 
3.6Allomorph 
3.6.1Phonological conditioning 
3.6.2Lexical conditioning 
3.7Word-formation processes 
Chapter 4Syntax 
4.1What is syntax? 
4.2The structural approach 
4.2.1Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations 
4.2.2Immediate constituent analysis 
4.2.3Endocentric and exocentric constructions 
4.3The generative approach 
4.3.1Deep and surface structures 
4.3.2The standard theory and after 
4.3.3Government, binding, etc 
4.4The functional approach 
4.4.1Functional sentence perspective 
4.4.2Systemic-Functional grammar 
Chapter 5Semantics 
5.1What is semantics? 
5.2What is meaning? 
5.2.1Meaning as naming 
5.2.2Meaning as concept 
5.2.3Meaning as behavior 
5.2.4Meaning as context 
5.3Word meaning 
5.3.1Sense and reference 
5.3.2Conceptual vs. associative meaning 
5.3.3Meaning relations 
5.4Sentence meaning 
5.4.1How to define the meaning of a sentence? 
5.4.2Sense relations between sentences 
5.5Analysis of meaning 
5.5.1Componential analysis-a way to analyze lexical meaning 
5.5.2Predication analysis- a way to analyze sentence meaning 
Chapter 6Pragmatics 
6.1What is pragmatics? 
6.2Context and meaning 
6.3Deixis 
6.3.1What is deixis? 
6.3.2Classification of deixis 
6.4Pragmatics vs. semantics 
6.5Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning 
6.6Speech act theory 
6.6.1Austin's theory of speech acts 
6.6.2Searle's theory of speech acts 
6.6.3Difficulties in speech act theory 
6.7Conversational implicatures 
6.7.1Principle of conversation 
6.7.2Characteristics of implicature 
6.8The Politeness Principle 
6.8.1What is the Politeness Principle? 
6.8.2The six maxims of Politeness Principle 
Chapter 7Discourse Analysis 
7.1Discourse and discourse analysis 
7.2Information structure 
7.2.1Given and new information 
7.2.2Topic and comment 
7.2.3Contrast 
7.3Cohesion and coherence 
7.3.1Cohesion 
7.3.2Coherence 
7.4Discourse markers 
7.5Conversational analysis 
7.5.1Adjacency pairs 
7.5.2Preference structure 
7.5.3Presequences 
7.6Critical discourse analysis 
Chapter 8Language Change 
8.1The changing language 
8.2The history of English 
8.2.1Old English 
8.2.2Middle English 
8.2.3Modern English 
8.3Language change on different linguistic levels 
8.3.1Phonological change 
8.3.2Morphological change 
8.3.3Syntactical change 
8.3.4Lexical change 
8.3.5Orthographic change 
8.4Language family 
8.4.1Classifying genetically related languages 
8.4.2The Indo-European language family 
…… 
Chapter 9Languacle and Society 
Chapter 10Language and Mind 
Chapter 11Cognitive Linguistics 
Chapter 12Language Acquisition 
Chapter 13Language, Thought and Culture 
Chapter 14Linguistics and Literature 
Chapter 15Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching 
Chapter 16Schools and Theories of Modern Linguistics 
Index 
Bibliography