人格心理学（第5版，英文版）_【美】兰迪.拉森(Randy J.Larsen)，戴维.巴斯(David M.Buss)_9787115387462

　　一直以来，人格心理学不仅是心理学领域的重要分支，也是广大普通读者非常感兴趣的学科。人格心理学的发展已进入黄金发展期。在前面版本的基础上，作者在本书第5版中更新了最近几年人格心理学研究的新成果，并对内容重新修订，使得这一版本在语言和内容上更加精炼。
　　《人格心理学（第5版，英文版）》围绕人格功能的六个重要知识领域来组织架构，这有别于其他的人格心理学教科书，会给读者耳目一新的感觉，代表了当代人格心理学体系构建的新趋势。这六大领域分别是：特性领域（特质、特质分类和跨时间的人格特性）、生物学领域（生理、遗传和自我）、心理动力领域（心理动力和动机）、认知经验领域（认知、情绪和自我）、社会和文化领域（社会交互作用、性别和文化）以及调适领域（压力、应对、健康和动机）。
　　本书强调人格的整体性，注重不同领域间的联系性，在组织体系上具有新颖性。
　　本书既适合高等院校心理学专业的本科生、研究生和专家学者研读，也适合对人格心理学感兴趣的读者轻松阅读。

　　We have devoted our lives to the study of personality and believe this i eld is one of the most exciting in all of psychology. Thus we were enormously gratii ed to see the volume of e-mails, letters, and comments from satisi ed consumers of our i rst, second, third, and fourth editions. At the same time, preparing the fi fth edition proved to be a humbling experience. The cascade of exciting publications in the field of personality is formidable, requiring not merely updating but also the addition of major sections of new material. Moreover, in important ways our first edition proved prescient.
　　Rather than organize our text around the traditional grand theories of personality, we devised a framework of six important domains of knowledge about personality func-tioning. These six domains are the　 dispositional domain (traits, trait taxonomies, and personality dispositions over time), the biological domain (physiology, genetics, evolution), the intrapsychic domain (psychodynamics, motives), the cognitive- experiential domain (cognition, emotion, and the self), the social and cultural domain (social interaction, gender, and culture), and the adjustment domain (stress, coping, health, and personality disorders). We believed these domains of knowledge represented the contemporary state of affairs in personality psychology, and progress in the field since publication of our first edition has continued to bear out that belief.
　　Our previous editions differed from other texts in the importance placed on culture, gender, and　 biology, and these areas of personality have shown substantial growth in recent years. But we have also been fascinated to witness the growth in　 each of the six major domains of personality that form the organizational core of the book.
　　We have always envisioned our text as a relection of the field. Our desire has always been to capture the excitement of what the science of personality is all about. For the fifth edition, we did our best to remain true to that vision. We believe that the field of personality psychology is now entering a golden age of sorts, and we hope that the changes we’ve made to the fifth edition convey a discipline that is vibrant in a way it never has been before. After all, no other field is devoted to the study of all that it means
　　to be human.
　　For this edition, each chapter has been streamlined through judicious trimming. This provided room for discussing new research conducted within the past three years and made the book a bit shorter and more economical. Significant additions to the fifth edition are described below.
　　Chapter 1: Introduction to Personality Psychology
　　Chapter 2: Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design
　　Chapter 3: Traits and Trait Taxonomies
　　New studies of act frequency analysis of extraverted acts
　　New observational studies of dominant acts in face-to-face interactions
　　New studies of trait measures predicting manifest behavior in everyday life
　　New information on circumplex models used to discover interpersonal sensitivities
　　New information on how extraverts tend to be physically stronger than introverts, in part because they engage in more vigorous and frequent physical activity

　　Aristotle,in The Nicomachean Ethics, expressed these wise observations on the subject of humor and people who do and do not indulge in it. In this quote we see Aristotle behaving much as a personality psychologist. Aristotle is analyzing the characteristics of persons who have an appropriate sense of humor, providing some details about what features are associated with a sense of humor. Aristotle adds to this description by comparing people who are extreme, having either too much or too little sense of humor. In his book on ethics, Aristotle described and analyzed many personality characteristics, including truthfulness, courage, intel-ligence, self-indulgence, anger proneness, and friendliness.
　　We might conclude that Aristotle was an amateur personality psychologist. But aren’t we all amateur personality psychologists to some extent? Aren’t we all curious about the characteristics people possess, including our own characteristics? Don’t we all use personality characteristics in describing people? And haven’t we all used personality characteristics to explain behavior, either our own or others’?When we say that our friend goes to a lot of parties because she is outgoing, we are using personality to explain her behavior. When we refer to another friend as conscien-tious and reliable, we are describing features of his personality. When we characterize ourselves as thoughtful, intelligent, and ambitious, we are describing features of our personalities.
　　Features of personality make people different from one another, and these features usually take the form of adjectives, such as John is lazy, Mary is optimistic, and Fred is anxious. Adjectives that can be used to describe characteristics of people are called trait-descriptive adjectives. There are nearly 20,000 such trait-descriptive adjectives in the English language. This astonishing fact alone tells us that, in everyday life, there are compelling reasons for trying to understand and describe those we interact with, as well as ourselves.
　　Notice that the adjectives describing personality refer to several very different as-pects of people. Words such as thoughtful refer to inner qualities of mind. Words such as charming and humorous refer to the effects a person has on other people. Words such as domineering are relational and signify a person’s position, or stance, toward others. Words such as ambitious refer to the intensity of desire to reach our goals. Words such as creative refer both to a quality of mind and to the nature of the products we produce. Words such as deceitful refer to the strategies a person uses to attain his or her goals.
　　All of these features describe aspects of personality.
　　Exercise? Think of someone you know well—say, a friend, family member, or roommate. Consider the many characteristics that make this person unique. List the ? ve adjectives you think best capture this person’s personality. For example, if you were to describe this person to someone, what ? ve adjectives would you use? Now, ask your target person to list the ? ve adjectives he or she thinks best describe him- or herself. Compare your lists.
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